Execution technique and pigment characteristics of decorative wall from 17th CE Chatta Chowk, Red Fort Complex, New Delhi

Abstract

The decorative wall painting from 17^th CE Chatta Chowk was investigated to study the composition and characteristics of the pigment used in the decorative arts. The pigments were examined by thin cross-sections, High-Resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and, portable Raman spectrometry. Besides, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for identifying pigment binders. Analysis results showed the stratigraphy of the paint layer applied over fine lime plaster in a well-controlled manner mixed with binders according to the secco technique. The identified pigments for red paint layers were attributed to the mixture of hematite (Fe₂O₃), cinnabar (HgS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS). The utilization of admixture of mercury, iron and cadmium compounds has served as a clear evidence in order specific tones on the painted surfaces. The green paint layer was attributed to green earth (celadonite) through vibrational features, differentiating from glauconite spectra. The GC-MS analysis of the pigment showed the use of fats, waxes and drying oils as binders.