Perception of Insecurity and Victimization among University Students in Public Spaces: Experiences and Behaviors in Granada, Spain

Abstract

This study quantitatively analyzes victimization experiences in public spaces while walking among university students in Granada, Spain, focusing on how these experiences shape perceptions of insecurity and behavioral responses. A survey conducted during the 2022-2023 academic year assessed gender differences in levels of perception of insecurity, victimization experiences and strategies employed to manage risk. Employing Principal Component Analysis, the study identified five key dimensions of insecurity perception, including environmental neglect; harassment; social disorder; risk of victimization; and night-time urban infrastructure. Findings reveal that women report significantly higher levels of both direct and indirect victimization, particularly related to sexual violence and street harassment, which influence protective behaviors limiting their mobility. The multi-dimensional nature of insecurity perceptions underscores the complex interplay between physical environment, social dynamics, and gendered power relations. The results offer critical insights for urban policies and gender-sensitive interventions aimed at fostering safer, more inclusive public spaces for all city residents.