Life cycle and phenology of Onthophagus vacca (L.) in Middle Atlas (Morocco): implications for conservation and ecosystem services (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Abstract

This work investigates the life cycle and seasonal dynamics of the dung beetle Onthophagus vacca in Middle Atlas ecosystems in Morocco. This species is recognized for its crucial ecological role and was studied under controlled conditions to assess its developmental stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult) and seasonal abundance in relation to environmental factors. The results show that Onthophagus vacca has a short life cycle with peak activity in spring, which correlates with moderate temperatures and limited rainfall. The abundance of this species is higher in sites located at higher altitudes, where climatic conditions are more favorable. This study contributes to our understanding of the ecological requirements of Onthophagus vacca in Morocco and highlights the importance of its conservation to preserve the ecosystem services it provides, particularly in terms of soil fertility and excreta management in agricultural environments.