Gestione delle acque, pace nel Medio Oriente e un ruolo per la Banca Mondiale (Water Management, Middle East Peace and a Role for the World Bank)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13133/2037-3651/9775Parole chiave:
WaterAbstract
The region comprising North Africa and the Middle East is the driest in the world. Thus conflicts over water have been a part of the landscape. These conflicts over water are invariably seen as a zero sum game; such a view does not incorporate the notion that water is an economic good and is therefore scarce. Given the limitation of competitive markets, optimal water allocation could only but help. However, even if one country allocates water efficiently within its own territory, its allocation could be sub-optimal if water interdependencies with other countries are not incorporated in a regional optimization model. The World Bank is in the best position to adopt a regional optimization model and thus ameliorate water conditions in the Middle East and in other regions around the world.
JEL Codes: Q25, Q28, Q15, Q13
Keywords: Water
Riferimenti bibliografici
ALLEN, T. (1999), Israel and Water in the Framework of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Water Issues Study Group, School of Oriental and African Studies, Londra, 1 marzo.
ASKARI, H. (1980), Saudi Arabia: Oil and the Search for Economic Development, JAI Press, Greenwich.
CENTRE FOR WATER RESEARCH (2000), http://www.cwr.uwa.edu.au/~contract/ Currentprojects/kinneret.html, consultato il 30 marzo 2000.
CZAYA, E. (1981), Rivers of the World, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
DOLATYAR, M. (1995), "Water diplomacy in the Middle East", riprodotto da The Middle Eastern Environment, St. Malo Press, Cambridge; http://www.netcomuk. co.uk/jpap/dolat.htm, consultato il 3 febbraio 1998.
THE ECONOMIST (1999), "Sharing Mesopotamia's water", 13 November, pp. 43-44.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1997a), Aquastat; http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat.htm, consultato il 3 febbraio 2000.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1997b), Aquastat; http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat.iran.htm, consultato il 3 febbraio 2000.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1997c), Aquastat; http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/iraq.htm, consultato il 3 febbraio 2000.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1997d), Aquastat; http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/jordan.htm, consultato il 3 febbraio 2000.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1997e), Aquastat; http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/lebanon.htm, consultato il 3 febbraio 2000.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1997f), Aquastat; http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/syria.htm, consultato il 3 febbraio 2000.
FISHER, F.M. et al. (2000), "Optimal water management and conflict resolution: the Middle East water project", bozza, 3 dicembre.
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING SYSTEM (2000), http://www.cciw.ca/gems/atlas-gwq/table3a.htm, consultato il 28 marzo 2000.
GREEN CROSS INTERNATIONAL (2000), http://www4.gve.ch/gci/water/atlas/jordan.html, consultato il 18 febbraio 2000.
HAMAS NEWS (1999), "Zionists arrogate water sources in West Bank, Gaza; leave Palestinians thirst", 26 agosto.
HUNSELER, P. (1984), "The historical antecedents of the Statt-al-Arab dispute", in M.S. El Azhary ed., The Iran Iraq War: Historical, Economic and Political Analysis, St. Martin's Press, New York, pp. 8-19.
IRAN TODAY (1997), "Iran's agriculture and water sectors", September and October, no. 16, pp. 5-7.
ISAAC, J. (1999), "A sober approach to the water crisis in the Middle East", Applied Research Institute, Jerusalem; http://www.arij.org/arij/pub/sober.htm, consultato l'8 novembre 1999.
KING, L. (1999), "Water issue percolates as another threat to Mideast peace", Associated Press, 8 agosto.
KOR, T.E. (1997), "TED case studies: Tigris-Euphrates river dispute", The Inventory of Conflict and Environment, American University, November; http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala//TED/ice/tigris.htm, consultato il 3 febbraio 2000.
LANCASTER, J. (2000), "Mideast peace summit ends with no deal", Washington Post, 26 July, p. A01.
LIBISZEWSKI, S. (1995), "Water disputes in the Jordan basin region and their role in the resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict", ENCOP Occasional Paper, no. 13, Center for Security Policy and Conflict Research/Swiss Peace Foundation, Zurigo e Berna, agosto; http://www.fsk.ethz.ch/encop/13/en13-ch0.htm, consultato il 18 febbraio 2000.
LOWI, M.R. (1997), "Political and institutional responses to transboundary water disputes in the Middle East", Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 17 giugno; http://www.ics.si.edu.organiza/affil/WWICS/PROGRAMS/DIS/ECS/report2/lowi.htm, consultato il 6 ottobre 1999 e il 2 luglio 2000.
MARTSCHING, B. (1998), "TED conflict studies: Iran-Iraq war and waterway claims", The Inventory of Conflict and Environment, American University, May; http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/ice/iraniraq.htm, consultato il 7 giugno 2000.
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF ISRAEL (2000), http://www.environment.gov.il/Eng-site/Water.html, consultato il 7 febbraio 2000.
MURAKAMI, M. (1995), Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, United Nations University Press, Tokio. National Geographic Magazine (1993), "Water – The Middle East's critical response", no. 183, maggio, pp. 43-70.
REUTERS (2000), "Iran inaugurates water pipeline in desert province", 11 March; http://www.arab.com/article/0,1680, Business½15419,00.htm, consultato l'8 giugno 2000.
SALMI, R.H. (1997), "Water, the red line: the interdependence of Palestinian and Israeli water resources", Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 20, pp. 15-65.
SOFFER, A. (1999), Rivers of Fire: The Conflict over Water in the Middle East, Rowman and Littlefield, New York.
TURTON, A.R. (1999), "Water and state sovereignty: the hydropolitical challenge for states in arid regions", Water Issues Study Group, School of Oriental and African Studies, Londra, 1 marzo.
WORLD BANK (1999), "From scarcity to security: averting a water crisis in the Middle East and North Africa"; http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/offrep/mena/Focus/BOOKLET.ARA.html, consultato l'8 novembre 1999.
WORLD BANK (2000), Water Supply and Sanitation Blue Paper, Washington, 20 settembre.
##submission.downloads##
Pubblicato
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Ogni materiale pubblicato sul sito e gli articoli pubblicati sulla rivista sono distribuiti con Licenza internazionale Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 4.0. Copia della licenza è disponibile alla URL http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. Gli autori mantengono i diritti sulla loro opera e cedono alla rivista il diritto di prima pubblicazione dell'opera con la licenza suindicata.
