La vigilanza sul sistema finanziario: obiettivi, assetti e approcci (Supervision of the financial system: objectives, structures and approaches)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13133/2037-3651/9541Keywords:
sistema finanziario, regolamentazione finanziariaAbstract
Dopo avere succintamente affrontato la specificità della finanza e le sue vulnerabilità, dalle quali quindi dipende la particolare attenzione che lo Stato dedica da sempre a questo settore, si richiamano nell’articolo le tre modalità principali con le quali si esercita la regolamentazione finanziaria; a quella di tipo strutturale o economica, molto praticata fino agli anni ’70 del secolo scorso, si è sempre più sostituita quella prudenziale, volta a salvaguardare la stabilità dell’intermediario e del sistema attraverso soprattutto un’appropriata base di capitale, e si va oggi affiancando quella informativa con riferimento non solo alle conoscenze delle due parti sull’oggetto della contrattazione, ma anche ai conflitti d’interesse di cui il venditore può essere portatore. La caduta di alcune istituzioni bancarie e la preoccupazione di eguagliare le condizioni di concorrenza internazionale hanno condotto alla formulazione di uno standard come i coefficienti di capitale che Basilea II sta estendendo al di là del rischio di credito e affiancando agli altri pilastri della sorveglianza e della disciplina di mercato. Maggiore attenzione è stata riservata negli ultimi tempi alle forme organizzative della vigilanza sul sistema finanziario, il che spiega l’interesse per le ragioni e per le esperienze relative all’autorità unica sui mercati finanziari. Tra i requisiti delle agenzie di vigilanza per conseguire l’obiettivo di stabilità e/o di efficienza v’è l’indipendenza, che non può essere disgiunta, però, da un processo di rendicontazione e dal raggiungimento di un equilibrio politico rispettoso del mandato affidato all’agenzia. In un’Europa che sta faticosamente progredendo lungo un quasi-federalismo, per potere estrarre tutti i benefici derivanti dall’unificazione del potere monetario e dalla creazione dell’euro, si pone sempre più la necessità di procedere speditamente sulla strada dell’unificazione del mercato finanziario e quindi di avere almeno un coordinamento delle strutture di vigilanza finanziaria degli stati membri, possibilmente raccordate da un’istanza centralizzata al livello dell’Unione. L’efficienza di una vigilanza microeconomica non va valutata riferendosi soltanto alla sicurezza e alla solidità delle singole istituzioni, ma anche alle sue conseguenze sul finanziamento delle imprese. La deregolamentazione, la libertà dei movimenti dei capitali, l’innovazione finanziaria e quella tecnologica hanno contribuito a esacerbare gli andamenti ciclici dell’economia reale, il che evidenzia sempre più l’importanza del rischio sistemico, porta in primo piano l’instabilità finanziaria e pone il quesito se un’impostazione macroprudenziale della vigilanza non sia la risposta necessaria. Le vicende americane che hanno posto in luce il fallimento di quel sistema di governamento societario hanno avuto un seguito in Europa e particolarmente in Italia con lo scandalo Parmalat. Il confronto tra la reazione avuta dal Congresso americano e i faticosi tentativi di arrivare ad una regolamentazione più stringente nel nostro Paese costituiscono l’ultimo tema; sinora non abbiamo dimostrato una forte volontà di accrescere in primo luogo la protezione dei risparmiatori-investitori.
After briefly addressed the specificity of finance and its vulnerability, from which then depends on the particular attention that the State has always dedicated to this field, reference in the article the three main ways in which you exercise financial regulation, that structural or economic widely practiced until the 70s of the last century, has increasingly replaced the prudential, designed to safeguard the stability of the intermediary and of the system through especially appropriate capital base, and is now alongside that information with reference not only to the knowledge of the parties on the subject of bargaining, but also the conflicts of interest of which the seller can be a carrier. The fall of some banking institutions and the concern to match the conditions of international competition have led to the formulation of a standard such as the coefficients of capital that Basel II is extending beyond credit risk and joining the other pillars of surveillance and discipline market. More attention has been paid recently to the organizational forms of supervision of the financial system, which explains the interest for the reasons and experiences related to the single authority on financial markets. Between the requirements of supervisory agencies to achieve the goal of stability and / or efficiency there is the independence, which can not be separated, however, by a process of reporting and achieving a political balance that respects the mandate given to the Agency. In a Europe that is struggling to progress along a quasi-federalism, in order to extract all the benefits of the unification of the power of money and the creation of the euro, there is an increasing need to forge ahead on the path of unification of the market financial and therefore have at least one co-ordination of financial supervisory structures of the member states, possibly connected by an instance centralized at EU level. The efficiency of a micro-supervision should not be assessed only by reference to the safety and soundness of individual institutions, but also its impact on the funding of businesses. Deregulation, free movement of capital, financial innovation and technological helped to exacerbate cyclical trends in the real economy, which increasingly emphasizes the importance of systemic risk, brings up financial instability and the question is whether macro-prudential supervision approach is not the answer you need. The American events that have highlighted the failure of that system of corporate governance had a following in Europe and particularly in Italy with the Parmalat scandal. The comparison between the reaction received by the U.S. Congress and strenuous efforts to reach a more stringent regulation in our country are the last theme; so far we have not shown a strong desire to increase primarily the protection of savers-investors.
JEL Codes: G18, G28
References
AGANIN A. e VOLPIN P.F. (2003), "History of corporate ownership in Italy", ECGI Finance Working Papers, n. 17, March.
ALESINA A. e SUMMERS L.H. (1993), "Central bank independence and macroeconomic performance: some comparative evidence", Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, vol. 25, n. 2, pp. 151-62.
ALLEN F. e GALE D. (2000), Comparing Financial Systems, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
AMATO J.D. e FURFINE C.H. (2003), "Are credit ratings procyclical?", BIS Working Papers, n. 129, February.
ATKINSON A.B. e STIGLITZ J.E. (1980), Lectures on Public Economics, McGraw-Hill, London.
BAGEHOT W. (1873), Lombard Street: A description of the money market, H.S. King, London.
BARTH J.R., CAPRIO G. Jr. e LEVINE R. (2003), "Bank supervision and regulation; what works best?", Journal of Financial Intermediation, in corso di pubblicazione, Policy Research Working Paper, n. 2725, November 2001, World Bank, Wahington, disponibile sul sito della Banca Mondiale.
BCBS − Basle Committee on Banking Supervision (1997), Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements, Basel, September.
BCBS − Basle Committee on Banking Supervision (1999), A New Capital Adequacy Framework, Bank for International Settlements, Basel.
BCBS − Basle Committee on Banking Supervision (1999), "Capital requirements and bank behaviour: the impact of the Basel accord", CBS Working Papers, n. 1, April, Bank for International Settlements, Basel.
BECK T. e LEVINE R. (2003), "Legal institutions and financial development", Policy Research Working Papers, n. 3136, September, World Bank, Washington, lavoro preparato per Handbook of New Institutional Economics.
BECK T., DEMIRGÜÇ-KUNT A. e LEVINE R. (2003), "Bank supervision and corporate finance", Policy Research Working Papers, n. 3042, May, World Bank, Washington.
BECKER G.S. (1983), "A theory of competition among pressure groups for political influence", Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 98, n. 3, pp. 371-400.
BECKER G.S. e STIGLER G.J. (1974), "Law enforcement, malfeasance, and the compensation of enforcers", Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 3, n. 1, pp. 1-18.
BERNARD H. e BISIGNANO J. (2000), "Information, liquidity and risk in the international interbank market: implicit guarantees and private credit market failure", BIS Working Papers, n. 86, March, Basilea.
BLUM J. e HELLWIG M. (1995), "The macroeconomic implications of capital adequacy requirements for banks",European Economic Review, vol. 39, n. 3-4, pp. 739-49.
BORIO C. (2003), "Towards a macroprudential framework for financial supervision and regulation?", BIS Working Papers, n. 128, February, Basel.
BORIO C. e CROCKETT A. (2000), "In search of anchors for financial and monetary stability", Greek Economic Review, vol. 20, n. 2, pp. 1-14.
BORIO C. e LOWE P. (2002), "Asset prices, financial and monetary stability: exploring the nexus", contributo presentato alla conferenza della BIS su "Changes in Risk through Time: Measurement and Policy Options", BIS Working Papers, n. 114, July, Basel.
BORIO C. e WHITE W. (2004), "Whither monetary and financial stability? The implications of evolving policy regimes", contributo presentato al Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City’s Symposium su "Monetary Policy and Uncertainty: Adapting to a Changing Economy", Jackson Hole, 28-30 agosto 2003, BIS Working Papers, n. 147, February, Basel.
BORIO C., FURFINE C. e LOWE P. (2001), "Procyclicality of the financial system and financial stability: issues and policy options", BIS Papers, n. 1, March, Basel.
BORSA (2004), Rapporto sul mercato azionario, Il Sole-24 Ore, Milano.
BUCHANAN J.M. e TULLOCK G. (1962), The Calculus of Consent, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
CAROZZI A.M. (2004), "Note sull’integrazione finanziaria nell’Unione Europea", Luiss, Ceradi, Roma, febbraio, dattiloscritto.
CARLI G. (1962), "Interrogatorio del dottor Guido Carli", in Camera dei Deputati, Commissione d’inchiesta sui limiti posti alla concorrenza nel campo economico: resoconti stenografici di interrogatori, seduta del 22 novembre, Roma.
CHAMI R. e. COSIMANO T.F (2001), "Monetary policy with a touch of Basel", IMF Working Papers, n. 01/151, October, Washington.
CHAMI R., KHAN M.S. e SHARMA S. (2003), "Emerging issues in banking regulation", IMF Working Papers, n. 101, May, Washington.
CHIURI M.C., FERRI G. e MAJNONI G. (2002), "The macroeconomic impact of bank capital requirements in emerging economies: past evidence to assess the future", Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 26, n. 5, pp. 881-904.
CIOCCA P. (2000), La nuova finanza in Italia: una difficile metamorfosi (1980-2000), Bollati Boringhieri, Torino.
CLERC L., DRUMETZ F. e JAUDOIN O. (2001), "To what extent are prudential and accounting arrangements pro- or countercyclical with respect to overall financial conditions?", BIS Papers, n. 1, March, Basel.
COASE R. (1960), "The problem of social cost", The Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 3, n. 1, pp. 1-44.
CORRIGAN G. (1990), "Testimony before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs", Washington, 3 May.
CROCKETT A. (2000), "Marrying the Micro- and Macro-prudential Dimensions of Financial Stability", intervento all’undicesima conferenza internazionale su "Banking Supervisors", Basilea, 20-21 settembre.
CROCKETT A., HARRIS T., MISHKIN F. e WHITE E. (2004), "Conflicts of Interest in the Financial Services Industry: What should we do about them", Geneva Reports on the World Economy, ICMBS-CEPR, Geneva and London.
DANIELSSON J. e GOODHART C.A.E. (2002), "The inter-temporal nature of risk", in Balling M., Lierman F. and Mullineux A. eds, Technology and Finance: Challenges for Financial Markets, Business Strategies and Policy Makers, Routledge, London.
DE BANDT O. e HARTMANN P. (2000), "Systemic risk: a survey", CEPR Discussion Papers, n. 2634, London.
DE KRIVOY R. (2000), Collapse. The Venezuelan Banking Crisis of 1994, The Group of Thirty, Washington.
DE LUNA MARTINEZ J. e ROSE T.A. (2003), "International survey of integrated financial sector supervision", Policy Research Working Papers, n. 3096, July, World Bank, Washington.
DESARIO V. (2003), "Sistema finanziario e profili di stabilità: tendenze italiane ed internazionali", intervento tenuto all’Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 7 aprile.
DI GIORGIO G. e DI NOIA C. (2000), "Designing institutions for financial stability: regulation and supervision by objective for the euro area", Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Economics and Business Working Papers, n. 517, November, Barcellona.
DI GIORGIO G. e DI NOIA C. (2001), "L’impatto della tecnologia sulla regolamentazione finanziaria: il caso italiano", in Fondazione Rosselli, 6° Rapporto sul sistema finanziario italiano, Firenze, marzo.
DIAMOND D.W. e DYBVIG P.H. (1983), "Bank runs, deposit insurance and liquidity", Journal of Political Economy, vol. 91, June, pp. 401-19.
DRAGHI M., GIAVAZZI F. e MERTON R. (2004), "Transparency, Risk Management and International Financial Fragility", Geneva Reports on the World Economy, ICMBS-CEPR, Geneva and London.
EPSTEIN D. e O’HALLORAN S. (1999), Delegating Powers: a transaction cost politics approach to policy making under separate powers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
FABI F., LAVIOLA S. e MARULLO REEDTZ P. (2004), "The treatment of SMEs loans in the New Basel Capital Accord: some evaluations", Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review, vol. 57, n. 228, pp. 29-70.
FEHR E. e SCHMIDT K.M. (1999), "A theory of fairness, competition and cooperation", Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 114, n. 3, pp. 817-68.
FERRI G. e KANG T.S. (1999), "The credit channel at work: lessons from the financial crisis in Korea", Economic Notes, vol. 28, n. 2, pp. 195-221.
FISCHER S. (1995), "Central bank independence revisited", American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, vol. 85, May, pp. 201-06.
FREIXAS X. e ROCHET J.C. (1997), Microeconomics of Banking, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
FREIXAS X. e SANTOMERO A.M. (2003), "An overall perspective on banking regulation", Working Paper, n. 664, febrero, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcellona.
GIANNINI C. (2004), L’età delle banche centrali, il Mulino, Bologna.
GIOVANOLI M. (2000), "A new architecture for the global financial market: legal aspects of international financial standard setting", in M. Giovanoli ed., International Monetary Law: Issues for the New Millenium, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3-59.
GOODHART C.A.E., ed. (1998), The Emerging Framework of Financial Regulation, a collection of papers compiled by the Financial Markets Group of the London School of Economics, Central Banking Publications Ltd, London.
GOODHART C.A.E. (2001), "Regulating the regulators – An economist’s perspective on accountability and control", in E. Ferran e C.A.E. Goodhart eds, Regulating Financial Services and Markets in the 21st Century, Hart Publishing, Oxford, pp. 151-65.
HARTCHER P. (1998), The Ministry: how Japan’s most powerful institution endangers world markets, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, Mass.
HAY J.R. e SHLEIFER A. (1998), "Private enforcement of public laws. A theory of legal reform", American Economic Review – Papers and Proceedings, vol. 88, pp. 398-403.
HELLWIG M. (1995), "Systemic aspects of risk management in banking and finance", Schweizerische Zeitschrift fűr Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, vol. 131, n. 4/2, pp. 723-37.
HELLWIG M. (1998), "Banks, markets, and the allocation of risks in an economy", Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, vol. 154, n. 1, pp. 328-45.
IMF − International Monetary Fund (2004), Global Financial Stability Report: market developments and issues, Washington, April.
JONES D. (2000), "Emerging problems with the Basel Capital Accord: regulatory capital arbitrage and related issues", Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 24, n. 1-2, pp. 35-58.
KANE E.J. (1990), "Principal-agent problems in S&L salvage", Journal of Finance, vol. 45, July, pp. 755-64.
KANE E.J. (2002), "Using deferred compensation to strengthen the ethics of financial regulation", Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 26, n. 9, pp. 1919-33.
KONOW J. (2003), "Which is the fairest one of all? A positive analysis of justice theories", Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 41, December, pp. 1188-239.
KREGEL J.A. (1996), Origini e sviluppo dei mercati finanziari, Banca Popolare dell’Etruria e del Lazio, Arezzo.
LA PORTA R., LOPEZ DE SILANES F., SHLEIFER A. e VISHNY R.W. (1997), "Legal determinants of external finance",Journal of Finance, vol. 52, n. 3, pp. 1131-50.
LA PORTA R., LOPEZ DE SILANES F., SHLEIFER A. e VISHNY R.W. (1998), "Law and finance", Journal of Political Economy, vol. 106, n. 6, pp. 1113-55.
LA PORTA R., LOPEZ DE SILANES F., SHLEIFER A. e Vishny R.W. (2000), "Investor protection and corporate governance", Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 58, n. 1-2, pp. 3-27.
LASTRA R.M. (2001), "The governance structure for financial regulation in Europe", LSE Financial Market Group,Special Papers, n. 133, London, December.
LINDGREN C.J. et al. (1999), "Financial sector crisis and restructuring: lessons from Asia", IMF Occasional Papers, n. 188, Washington.
LLEWELLYN D.T. (2001), "A regulatory regime for financial stability", ÖNB Working Papers, n. 48.July, Vienna. Lowe P. (2002), "Credit risk measurement and procyclicality", BIS Working Papers, n. 116, August, Basel.
MAJONE G. (1993), "Controlling regulatory bureaucracies: lessons from the American experience", EUI Working Papers SPS, n. 3, Firenze.
MASERA R. (2001), Il rischio e le banche, Sanpaolo IMI – Il Sole-24 Ore, Milano
MERTON R.C. e BODIE Z. (1995), "A conceptual framework for analyzing the financial environment", in D.B. Crane et al., The Global Financial System: a functional perspective, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, pp. 3-31.
MINISTERO DEL TESORO (1991), Per un’ipotesi di legge delega, Rapporto al Ministro del Tesoro del Gruppo di lavoro per il riordinamento delle disposizioni in materia di intermediazione finanziaria, bancaria e non bancaria, IPZS, Roma.
ONADO M. (2000), Mercati e intermediari finanziari: economia e regolamentazione, il Mulino, Bologna.
PADOA-SCHIOPPA T. (2002), "Central banks and financial stability", contributo presentato alla seconda conferenza biennale della BCE su "The Transformation of the European Financial System", Francoforte, 24-25 ottobre.
QUINTYN M. e TAYLOR M.W. (2002), "Regulatory and supervisory independence and financial stability", IMF Working Papers, n. 46, March, Washington.
RAJAN R.G. e ZINGALES L. (2003), Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists, Random House, New York.
SANTOS J.A.C. (2000), "Bank capital regulation in contemporary banking theory: A review of the literature", BIS Working Papers, n. 90, September, Basel.
SARCINELLI M. (2001), "State aids in rescuing and restructuring operations: should banks be treated differently from other businesses?", in C.D. Ehlermann e M. Everson eds, European Competition Law Annual 1999: selected issues in the field of State aids, The Robert Schuman Centre, European University Institute, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, pp. 305-22.
SARCINELLI M. (2002), "L’organizzazione e la distribuzione dei compiti tra le autorità nazionali e quelle europee per la vigilanza bancaria e finanziaria", Rivista Bancaria-Minerva Bancaria, n. 5, settembre-ottobre, pp. 11-27.
SARCINELLI M. (2003), "Banche, riscoprire la virtù della prudenza", Il Sole-24 Ore, 19 luglio, p. 3.
SARCINELLI M. (2003), "Aspetti funzionali e di gestione degli intermediari", Struttura e operatività del sistema bancario italiano a dieci anni dal Testo Unico", Giornate romane dell’Associazione per lo sviluppo degli studi di banca e borsa, Roma, 14 novembre, pp. 31-49.
SARCINELLI M. (2003), "Crisi economiche e mercati finanziari: è di aiuto un nuovo ordine finanziario?", Moneta e Credito, vol. 56, n. 224, pp. 387-422.
SARCINELLI M. (2004), "Tutela globale", Il Sole-24 Ore, 9 gennaio, p. 1.
SARCINELLI M. (2004), "Bankitalia, i rischi dell’eccesso di riforma", 3 febbraio, Il Sole24 Ore, p. 2.
SARCINELLI M. (2004), Audizione nel corso dell’Indagine conoscitiva da parte delle Commissioni Parlamentari riunite (VI-X Camera e 6ª-10ª Senato), resoconto stenografico, 13 febbraio.
SARCINELLI M. (2004), "Tre punti per la tutela del risparmio", lavoce.info, 16 marzo.
SARCINELLI M. (2004), "Risparmio, una riforma non rinviabile", Il Sole-24 Ore, 4 maggio, p. 12.
SIMON H.A. (1978), "Rationality as process and as product of thought", American Economic Review, May, pp. 1-16.
SIMON H.A. (1983), "Rationality as process and as product of thought" in Models of Bounded Rationality, MIT Press, Cambridge, vol. II, pp. 444-59.
STIGLER G.J. (1971), "The theory of economic regulation", Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 114-41.
STIGLER G.J. (1975), The Citizen and the State: essays on regulation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
SUMMER M. (2002), "Banking regulation and systemic risk", ÖNB Working Papers, no. 57, January, Vienna.
TAYLOR M. e FLEMING A. (1999), "Integrated financial supervision: lessons from Northern European experience",Policy Research Working Papers, n. 2223, November, World Bank, Washington.
WHITE L.J. (1996), "Competition versus harmonization: an overview of international regulation of financial services", in C. Barfield ed., International Trade in Financial Services, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, pp. 682-95.
WILLIAMSON O.E. (1986), "L’economia dei costi di transazione: struttura ed implicazioni", in M. Egidi e M. Turvani, a cura di, Le ragioni delle organizzazioni economiche, Rosenberg e Sellier, Torino, 1994, pp. 219-56.
YAMAGUCHI Y. (1999), "Asset prices and monetary policy: Japan’s experience", intervento al convegno organizzato dalla Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City su "New Challenges for Monetary Policy", Jackson Hole, 26-29 agosto.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
All material in this website and every article published by the review are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - Non commercial - No derivates 4.0 International license. Authors retain all rights on their works and grant the right to first publication to the review under the aforementioned license.