Biological Periodicity’s Atomic Mechanism Disposes of the “Current Theory” of Evolution
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13133/2532-5876/17352Abstract
Physics led the way in the creation of Molecular Biology by employing X-ray crystallography in the elucidation of the atomic structure of proteins and DNA. Now it is physics again, by using large accelerators of electrons and neutrons, that is transforming molecular biology into Atomic Biology. This transformation process is guided by the establishment of periodicity, a phenomenon that can now be shown to start with elementary particles, to extend to atoms and macromolecules, and to occur equally among living organisms including humans. Biological periodicity was established in the following properties: vision, regeneration, luminescence, flight, placenta, penis, plant carnivory and mental ability. Significant is that three of these properties do not start at the cell or the organism, as previously thought, but emerge already in crystals and minerals which have no genes, and where organization is decided by atomic and electronic interactions. The punctuated reappearance of a given property, which leads to periodicity, is based on its own evolution of DNA. This is demonstrated by the formation of the placenta, which in plants and in humans, is decided by the same DNA sequences. Also, vision, which appears in the simplest invertebrates as well as in humans results from the action of the same gene Pax6. It is this DNA homology which allows the reappearance of the same pattern, in the most different organisms. The law of periodicity which has been enunciated at the atomic level holds equally well for the periodicity found in living organisms allowing predictions.
References
Affolter M et al.1990, “Homeodomain proteins and the regulation of gene expression” Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol. 2, pp. 485–495.
Andersson J 2020, Allt du skäms för att du inte visste om
Max IV och ESS, Lunds Universitet, viewed 21 June 2020,
<https://www.lu.se/artikel/allt-du-skams-att-du-intevisste-om-max-iv-och-ess>.
Bender W et al. 1983, “Molecular genetics of the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster”, Science, vol. 221, pp. 23–29.
Björn L O 2015, “The diversity of eye optics”, in: Björn L O
(ed.), Photobiology: The Science of Light and Life (3rd
edition), pp. 189–204, New York: Springer.
Bonner J T 1952, Morphogenesis: An Essay on Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Branden C & Tooze J 1991, Introduction to Protein Structure, New York: Garland Publishing.
Brown T A 1999, Genomes, Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers.
Burnie D (ed.) 2004, Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to
the World’s Wildlife, London: Dorling Kindersley.
Choi Y S et al. 2003, “Genomic structure of the luciferase gene and phylogenetic analysis in the Hotaria-group fireflies”, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B, vol. 134, pp. 199–214.
Cohn M J et al.1997, “Hox9genes and vertebrate limb specification”, Nature, vol. 387, pp. 97–101.
Dacke M & Srinivasan M V 2008, “Evidence for counting in
insects”, Animal Cognition, vol. 11, pp. 683–689, DOI:
1007/s10071-008-0159-y
del Hoyo J et al.(eds.) 1992–2011, Handbook of the Birds of the World, 16 volumes, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
Dunlap P V et al. 2007, “Phylogenetic analysis of hostsymbiont specificity and codivergence in bioluminescent symbioses”, Cladistics, vol. 23, pp. 507–532.
Eilenberg H et al. 2006, “Isolation and characterization of chitinase genes from pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes khasiana”, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 2775–2784.
Eriksson R 2015, What do neutrons tell us? /ESS. https://
european_spallation_source.se/what-do-neutrons-tellus2015-08-27.
Flemming A F & Blackburn D G 2003, “Evolution of placental specializations in viviparous African and South American lizards”, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A, Comparative experimental biology, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 33–47.
Gehring W J 1998, Master Control Genes in Development
and Evolution: The Homeobox Story, New Haven: Yale
University Press.
Gehring W J 2014, “The evolution of vision”, WIREs
Developmental Biology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–40, DOI:
1002/wdev.96.
Gehring W J & Ikeo K 1999, “Pax 6: Mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution”, Trends in Genetics, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 371–377.
Glover B J 2007, Understanding Flowers and Flowering,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gray T 2009, The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every
Known Atom in the Universe, New York: Black Dog and
Leventhal Publishers.
Haberlandt G 1902, “Culturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen”, Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, vol. 111, pp. 69–92.
Hastings J W 2011, “Progress and perspectives on bioluminescence: From luminous organisms to molecular mechanisms”, in: Roda A (ed.), Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence: Past, Present and Future, RSC Publishing.
Jaffe H W 1988, Introduction to Crystal Chemistry: Student
Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Land M F & Fernald R D 1992, “The evolution of eyes”, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol. 15, pp. 1–29.
Lawrence P A 1992, The Making of a Fly: The Genetics of
Animal Design, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Lima-de-Faria A 1995, Biological Periodicity. Its Molecular
Mechanism and Evolutionary Implications, Greenwich:
JAI Press Inc..
Lima-de-Faria A 2017, Periodic Tables Unifying Living
Organisms at the Molecular Level. The Predictive
Power of the Law of Periodicity, Singapore: World
Scientific Publishing.
Locey K J & Lennon T 2016, “Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity”, PNAS, vol. 113, no. 21, pp. 5970–5975.
Macdonald D (ed.) 1984, The Encyclopedia of Mammals:
Vol. 1, London: George Allen and Unwin.
Mazurs E G 1974, Graphic Representations of the Periodic
System During One Hundred Years, Tuscaloosa: The
University of Alabama Press.
McFarland D 1981, The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McGinnis W & Kuziora M 1994, “The molecular architects of
body design”, Scientific American, vol. 270, pp. 36–42.
McPherson S 2010, Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats,
Dorset: Redfern Natural History Productions.
Merchant S S et al. 2007, “The Chlamydomonasgenome
reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions”,
Science, vol. 318, pp. 245–251.
Mora C et al. 2011, “How many species are there on
earth and in the oceans?”, PLoS Biology, vol. 9, no. 8
e1001127, pp. 1–8.
Ohno S 1988, “On periodicities governing the construction
of genes and proteins”, Animal Genetics, vol. 19, pp.
–316.
Ohno S & Ohno M 1986, “The all pervasive principle of repetitious recurrence governs not only coding sequence construction but also human endeavour in musical composition”, Immunogenetics, vol. 24, pp. 71–78.
Padamsee H S 2003, Unifying the Universe, Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing.
Perutz M 2003, I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier: Essays
on Science, Scientists, and Humanity, Woodbury: Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Purushothaman S et al.2015, “Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Amphiura filiformisarm tissue-undergoing regeneration”, Journal of Proteomics, vol. 112, pp. 113–124.
Romer A S & Parsons T S 1978, The Vertebrate Body, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
Scerri E R 2007, The Periodic Table, New York: Oxford University Press.
Schuergers N et al.2016, “Cyanobacteria use micro-optics to sense light direction”, eLife2016;5:e12620 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.12620.
Spielman M et al. 2001, “The epigenetic basis of gender in flowering plants and mammals”, Trends in Genetics, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 705–711.
Warren W C et al.2008, “Genome analysis of the platypus
reveals unique signatures of evolution”, Nature, vol. 453,
no. 7192, pp. 175–183. DOI: 10.1038/nature06936.
Weinberg S 2015, To Explain the World, London: Penguin Random House.
Wenk H R & Bulakh A 2004, Minerals: Their Constitution
and Origin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, SE et al. 1994, “Relationships of roseraceae: A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequence and morphological data”, American Journal of Botany, vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 1027–1037.
Wilson D E, & Mittermeier R A (eds.) 2009–2019, Handbook of the Mammals of the World, 9 volumes, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Agreement with Authors
Before publication, after the acceptance of the manuscript, authors have to sign a Publication Agreement with Organisms. The authors retain all rights to the original work without any restrictions.
License for Published Contents
You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, and to adapt the work. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
