Orienting vs. multiple perspectives: Exploring the dynamics of reactions to uncertainty

Abstract

In this article, we explore the dynamics of reactions to uncertainty through the lens of a theory of orienting vs. multiple perspectives. In offering real-life examples of situations in which people have contrasting opinions and points of view on different topics, each rooted in different psychological perspectives, we illustrate how a contrasting multiplicity of viewpoints can give rise to both socially ‘disturbing’ vs. ‘appealing’ uncertainty. We then introduce the theory, outline the mechanisms of orienting vs. multiple perspectives in reacting to socially induced uncertainty, and review some representative theory-generated research illustrations showing both the denial and the acknowledgment of multiple perspectives. Next we delve into the themes of uncertainty reduction with respect to symbolic self-completion, diffusion of gratitude, position exchange, and polycultural psychology. Finally, we explore a subset of recently observed phenomena typically ascribed to ecological threats, epistemic uncertainty, and significance loss, and interpret them through the lens of the theory. These phenomena serve as further examples of the potential effects of orienting and multiple perspectives. Finally, we draw conclusions and derive implications for researchers willing to extend and apply such integrative analysis to still different social phenomena.